ABSTRACT
Background: COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected patients' will to seek urgent medical treatment as well as and health service performance. Purpose(s): The aim was to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic outbreak at the beginning of 2020 on heart failure epidemiology and outcomes in Poland. Method(s): The study is based on the Nationwide Polish Ministry of Health Registry, an administrative nation-wide database covering all heart failure patients in Poland who were beneficiaries of the public health sector between 2013 and 2021. Result(s): After COVID-19 outbreak in 2020, significantly fewer patients presented to health service due to HF than in previous years (Fig. 1). Compared to 2019, the number of HF hospitalisations declined by 21% and outpatient visits by 10% in 2020. Simultaneously, for the first time in the last decade, the trend in heart failure prevalence went down dropping by 3.7% (Fig. 1). The trend was driven by the greater reduction in ischaemic vs non-ischaemic HF prevalence (4.7% vs 1.3%) The longstanding downtrend in heart failure incidence accelerated markedly in 2020, decreasing by 20% between 2019 and 2020, compared to average fall of 8% in the previous decade (ranging between 4.1-12.9%). Likely, the drop was mainly attributable to the decline in the ischaemic HF incidence (23% vs 15.3% drop in nonischemic HF). The average in-hospital mortality due to HF in 2020 was higher compared to 2019 (12.9% vs 11.02%). As many as 1.18% of patients died on the day of admission in 2020, contrary to 0.94% in 2019 which accounts to 25% increase. Monthly distribution of in-hospital mortality aligned with peaks of COVID-19 waves (Fig. 2). Conclusion(s): The study shows unfavorable changes in HF epidemiology and outcomes due to the pandemic. The drop in prevalence and incidence seems to be associated with lower patient influx to the health service. It is unknown whether patient non-occurrence resulted from patients' actions or preoccupation of the health service with the pandemic. At the same time, a marked rise in in-hospital mortality was noted, with an over 25% increase in the number of deaths on the day of admission that could potentially reflect a more advanced disease state.
ABSTRACT
Objective: The COVID-19 lockdown caused unprecedented decline in environmental noise pollution. We aimed to evaluate the impact of aircraft noise exposure decrease during lockdown on blood pressure (BP) and selected hypertensionmediated organ damages. Design and method: As previously reported (J Hypertens. 2019;37) in 2015 (1st observation) we examined group of inhabitants exposed to high (>60 dB) aircraft noise living near Cracow Airport (n=101), and compared them to unexposed group (<55 dB) (n=100). In June 2020, 4 months after COVID-19 pandemic restrictions introduction, we reassessed (2nd observation) 74 and 75 participants from previously exposed and unexposed groups, respectively, using the same study protocol. We collected medical history, office and ambulatory BP, echocardiographic and arterial stiffness data. Results: In exposed to aircraft noise group the prevalence of arterial hypertension increased from 1st to 2nd observation (P<0.05). During lockdown in the noise exposed group office and 24 hour diastolic BP (DBP, P<0.022) decreased signifi-cantly, which was accompanied by a significant drop in annoyance (P=0.006). In this group in 2nd observation DBP was significantly lower than estimated DBP (i.e. calculated as a sum of DBP at 1st observation and parameter estimates of crosssectional association of DBP and age multiplied by 5.5 year-time period between observations) (P=0.047). The obtained decline in DBP from 1st to 2nd observation was grater in noise exposed than unexposed participants, even after adjustment for covariates. The carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), initially higher in noise exposed group, decreased from 1st to 2nd observation in both groups, however this was more pronounced in the exposed than unexposed group (P=0.003). In 1st observation PWV in noise exposed participants did not show any relationship with age (Parameter Estimate (PE)=0.01 m/s/year;P= 0.71), while in 2nd observation, during aircraft noise decline caused by COVID-19 lockdown, the expected positive relation of PWV with age was reinstituted (PE=0.15 m/s/year;P<0.001). Conclusions: As our previous study indicated, aircraft noise exposure may increase BP and accelerate arterial stiffening. The decrease in BP and PWV due to noise intensity diminution, observed during COVID-19 lockdown, in fact provides evidence for this observation.